Vagrant 初级实践
Vagrant 是一个用来构建完整开发环境的工具，凭借易用的工作流及对自动化的专注，Vagrant 降低了开发环境的设置时间，提高了生产效率。
Vagrant 宣称支持各种虚拟化平台，VirtualBox、VMware、AWS、OpenStack，甚至是 Docker 容器及原生的 LXC，但笔者认为其最常用的使用场景是结合 VirtualBox 来快速构建虚拟机，适用于开发环境而非部署大量的生产环境，本文仅介绍 Vagrant 最基本的使用方法。
2017-03-22 更新
如果使用的provider为VirtualBox并且有配置config.vm.synced_folder "data", "/data"，会出现mount: unknown filesystem type ‘vboxsf’ 错误，安装vgrant-vbguest插件可以解决这个问题。
[root@c3po ~]# vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
[root@c3po ~]# vagrant destroy && vagrant up–end–
2017-05-11 更新
VirtualBox 的默认 Machine Folder 为 ~/VirtualBox\ VMs，由于虚拟机会占用很多空间，人们希望将其存储在一个更大的可控的存储空间，使用如下命令进行更改：
[root@alice ~]# vboxmanage setproperty machinefolder /home/zhjwpku/vboxvms
–end–
Vagrant 和 Docker 的区别可阅读以下链接：
What is the difference between Docker and Vagrant? When should you use each one?
安装 VirtualBox
[root@c3po ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d
[root@c3po yum.repos.d]# wget http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/rpm/rhel/virtualbox.repo
[root@c3po yum.repos.d]# cd
[root@c3po ~]# yum --enablerepo=epel install dkms
[root@c3po ~]# yum install VirtualBox-5.1.x86_64 -y安装 Vagrant
去 Vagrant 官网下载界面下载 rpm 包并安装
[root@c3po ~]# wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/vagrant/1.9.1/vagrant_1.9.1_x86_64.rpm
[root@c3po ~]# rpm -i vagrant_1.9.1_x86_64.rpm测试
通过 Vagrant init 下载一个 box 的配置文件，像 dockerhub 一样，Vagrant 也有自己的镜像仓库。使用官方 Ubuntu 14.04 配置。
[root@c3po ~]# mkdir vagrant_test && cd vagrant_test/
[root@c3po vagrant_test]# vagrant init ubuntu/trusty64
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.
[root@c3po vagrant_test]# ls
Vagrantfile修改 Vagrantfile，使得配置文件如下：
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
config.vm.box = "ubuntu/trusty64"
# 配置两台虚拟机 vbox1 vbox2
config.vm.define "vbox1" do |vbox1|
# vagrant 有三种网络模式：port forward/host-only/bridge，本文使用host-only模式
# 该模式可指定静态 IP
vbox1.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
# 这里可以指定一个脚本文件，也可以使用Puppet/Chef等配置管理工具
vbox1.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
apt-get update
apt-get install -y git
SHELL
end
config.vm.define "vbox2" do |vbox2|
vbox2.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.11"
end
end启动：
[root@c3po vagrant_test]# vagrant up
...output omitted...
[root@c3po vagrant_test]# vagrant status
Current machine states:
vbox1 running (virtualbox)
vbox2 running (virtualbox)
This environment represents multiple VMs. The VMs are all listed
above with their current state. For more information about a specific
VM, run `vagrant status NAME`.检验 vbox1 是否安装了 git：
[root@c3po vagrant_test]# vagrant ssh vbox1
Welcome to Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.13.0-107-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
System information as of Sat Jan 21 15:04:33 UTC 2017
System load: 0.94 Processes: 79
Usage of /: 3.6% of 39.34GB Users logged in: 0
Memory usage: 25% IP address for eth0: 10.0.2.15
Swap usage: 0%
Graph this data and manage this system at:
https://landscape.canonical.com/
Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
0 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.
New release '16.04.1 LTS' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.
vagrant@vagrant-ubuntu-trusty-64:~$ dpkg -l git
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-=======================-================-================-===================================================
ii git 1:1.9.1-1ubuntu0 amd64 fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
vagrant@vagrant-ubuntu-trusty-64:~$ git 已经成功安装进 vbox1 这台 Ubuntu 14.04 的虚机。
如果对 Vagrantfile 进行了编辑，可以使用 vagrant reload 进行重新加载，reload 相当于 halt + up。